電子元器件發展(zhan)史其(qi)實就是(shi)一部(bu)濃縮的電子發展(zhan)史。電子技術是(shi)十九世(shi)(shi)紀末、二(er)(er)十世(shi)(shi)紀初開始發展(zhan)起來(lai)的新興技術，二(er)(er)十世(shi)(shi)紀發展(zhan)最(zui)迅速，應(ying)用最(zui)廣泛(fan)，成(cheng)為近代(dai)科學技術發展(zhan)的一個重要標(biao)志。

第(di)一代(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產品以(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管為核(he)心。四十(shi)年代(dai)末(mo)世界上(shang)誕生了第(di)一只半導(dao)體三極管，它以(yi)小巧、輕(qing)便、省電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、壽命長等特(te)點(dian)(dian)，很(hen)快地被各國應用起來，在(zai)很(hen)大范圍(wei)內取代(dai)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)管。五(wu)十(shi)年代(dai)末(mo)期，世界上(shang)出現(xian)了第(di)一塊集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，它把許多晶體管等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)元件(jian)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一塊硅(gui)芯片上(shang)，使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產品向更小型化(hua)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)從小規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)迅速發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到大規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和(he)超大規模(mo)集(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，從而使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)產品向著高(gao)效能(neng)(neng)低消耗、高(gao)精度(du)、高(gao)穩(wen)定、智能(neng)(neng)化(hua)的(de)方向發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。由于，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)計(ji)算機發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)經歷的(de)四個階(jie)段恰好能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)充分說明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)技(ji)術(shu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)四個階(jie)段的(de)特(te)性，所以(yi)下(xia)面(mian)就從電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)計(ji)算機發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)四個時代(dai)來說明電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)(zi)技(ji)術(shu)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)四個階(jie)段的(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)。

在20世紀出現(xian)并得到飛(fei)速發展(zhan)的(de)電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)(qi)件工業(ye)使整個世界(jie)和人們的(de)工作、生活習慣發生了(le)翻(fan)天覆地(di)的(de)變化。電(dian)子(zi)元器(qi)(qi)件的(de)發展(zhan)歷史實際上(shang)就是電(dian)子(zi)工業(ye)的(de)發展(zhan)歷史。

1906年(nian)，李·德福雷斯特發明(ming)了(le)真(zhen)空三極管，用(yong)(yong)來放(fang)大(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)話的(de)(de)(de)聲音電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。此(ci)后，人們強(qiang)烈地期待著(zhu)能(neng)夠誕(dan)生一(yi)種(zhong)固體(ti)(ti)(ti)器(qi)件，用(yong)(yong)來作為(wei)質量輕、價(jia)廉和(he)(he)壽命(ming)長的(de)(de)(de)放(fang)大(da)(da)器(qi)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)開關。1947年(nian)，點(dian)接觸型(xing)(xing)鍺(zang)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管的(de)(de)(de)誕(dan)生，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)器(qi)件的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)史上翻開了(le)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)頁(ye)。但是，這種(zhong)點(dian)接觸型(xing)(xing)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管在構造(zao)上存在著(zhu)接觸點(dian)不穩定的(de)(de)(de)致命(ming)弱點(dian)。在點(dian)接觸型(xing)(xing)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管開發成(cheng)功的(de)(de)(de)同時(shi)，結型(xing)(xing)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管論就已經提出，但是直(zhi)至人們能(neng)夠制備超(chao)高(gao)純度的(de)(de)(de)單晶(jing)(jing)(jing)以(yi)及能(neng)夠任意控制晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)類型(xing)(xing)以(yi)后，結型(xing)(xing)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管材真(zhen)正得以(yi)出現(xian)。1950年(nian)，具有使用(yong)(yong)價(jia)值的(de)(de)(de)最早的(de)(de)(de)鍺(zang)合金型(xing)(xing)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管誕(dan)生。1954年(nian)，結型(xing)(xing)硅晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管誕(dan)生。此(ci)后，人們提出了(le)場效應晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管的(de)(de)(de)構想。隨著(zhu)無缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)結晶(jing)(jing)(jing)和(he)(he)缺(que)(que)陷(xian)(xian)控制等材料(liao)技(ji)術(shu)、晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)外誕(dan)生長技(ji)術(shu)和(he)(he)擴散(san)摻雜技(ji)術(shu)、耐(nai)壓氧化膜的(de)(de)(de)制備技(ji)術(shu)、腐蝕和(he)(he)光刻技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)和(he)(he)發展(zhan)，各種(zhong)性(xing)能(neng)優良的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)器(qi)件相繼出現(xian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元器(qi)件逐(zhu)步(bu)從真(zhen)空管時(shi)代(dai)進入晶(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)(ti)(ti)管時(shi)代(dai)和(he)(he)大(da)(da)規模(mo)、超(chao)大(da)(da)規模(mo)集(ji)成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路時(shi)代(dai)。主播形成(cheng)作為(wei)高(gao)技(ji)術(shu)產業(ye)代(dai)表的(de)(de)(de)半導(dao)體(ti)(ti)(ti)工業(ye)。

由(you)于社會發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要，電(dian)(dian)子裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)變的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)復雜，這就(jiu)要求了電(dian)(dian)子裝(zhuang)置(zhi)(zhi)必須具(ju)有可(ke)靠性(xing)、速度快、消耗功率小以及(ji)質(zhi)量(liang)輕、小型化、成(cheng)(cheng)本低(di)等(deng)特(te)點。自20世紀50年代提出(chu)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)設想(xiang)后(hou)，由(you)于材(cai)料技(ji)(ji)術(shu)、器件技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和電(dian)(dian)路設計(ji)等(deng)綜合技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步，在20世紀60年代研制成(cheng)(cheng)功了第(di)一(yi)(yi)代集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路。在半(ban)導(dao)體發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)史上(shang)。集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)具(ju)有劃時代的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)意義：它的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誕生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)和發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)推動了銅芯技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和計(ji)算機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)(jin)步，使科學研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各個(ge)領域以及(ji)工(gong)業(ye)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構發(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了歷史性(xing)變革。憑(ping)借卓越(yue)(yue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)科學技(ji)(ji)術(shu)所發(fa)明的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路使研究者有了更先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)具(ju)，進(jin)(jin)而產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)了許(xu)多(duo)更為(wei)先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。這些先進(jin)(jin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)有進(jin)(jin)一(yi)(yi)步促使更高性(xing)能、更廉價的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)出(chu)現(xian)。對(dui)電(dian)(dian)子器件來說(shuo)，體積(ji)越(yue)(yue)小，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)度越(yue)(yue)高；響應時間(jian)越(yue)(yue)短，計(ji)算處理的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)速度就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)快；傳送頻率就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)高，傳送的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)信息量(liang)就(jiu)越(yue)(yue)大。半(ban)導(dao)體工(gong)業(ye)和半(ban)導(dao)體技(ji)(ji)術(shu)被稱為(wei)現(xian)代工(gong)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎，同時也已經發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)稱為(wei)一(yi)(yi)個(ge)相對(dui)獨立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高科技(ji)(ji)產(chan)業(ye)。